Apparatus and method for polarizing polarizable nuclear species

ABSTRACT

The present invention is a polarizing process involving a number of steps. The first step requires moving a flowing mixture of gas, the gas at least containing a polarizable nuclear species and vapor of at least one alkali metal, with a transport velocity that is not negligible when compared with the natural velocity of diffusive transport. The second step is propagating laser light in a direction, preferably at least partially through a polarizing cell. The next step is directing the flowing gas along a direction generally opposite to the direction of laser light propagation. The next step is containing the flowing gas mixture in the polarizing cell. The final step is immersing the polarizing cell in a magnetic field. These steps can be initiated in any order, although the flowing gas, the propagating laser and the magnetic field immersion must be concurrently active for polarization to occur.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional of Ser. No. 09/904,294 filedJul. 12, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,949,169, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/217,569 filed on Jul. 12, 2000,both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is in the field of hyperpolarizing polarizablenuclear species, such as xenon.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a phenomenon, which can be inducedthrough the application of energy against an atomic nucleus being heldin a magnetic field. The nucleus, if it has a magnetic moment, can bealigned within an externally applied magnetic field. This alignment canthen be transiently disturbed by application of a short burst of radiofrequency energy to the system. The resulting disturbance of the nucleusmanifests as a measurable resonance or wobble of the nucleus relative tothe external field.

For any nucleus to interact with an external field, however, the nucleusmust have a magnetic moment, i.e., non-zero spin. Experimental nuclearmagnetic resonance techniques are, therefore, limited to study of thosetarget samples, which include a significant proportion of nucleiexhibiting non-zero spin. Certain noble gases, including xenon, are inprinciple suited to study via NMR. However, the low relative naturalabundance of these isotopes, their small magnetic moments, and otherphysical factors have made NMR study of these nuclei difficult if notimpossible to accomplish.

Existing technology for polarizing xenon, developed primarily atPrinceton, is based on earlier work on nuclear polarized 3He gas targetsfor nuclear physics. The key component of the system is the polarizingchamber where the 3He gas is heated, saturated with rubidium, an alkalimetal vapor, and illuminated with laser light. In these devices, aclosed cell of 3He gas, rubidium, and nitrogen is maintained at auniform high temperature to achieve an appropriate rubidium density. Alaser illuminates the cell with circularly polarized light at theresonant absorption line of the rubidium, polarizing the rubidiumelectrons. Spin exchange occurs with the 3He gas nucleus, leading to anaccumulation of nuclear polarization. 3He gas atoms diffuse throughoutthe cell.

Xenon polarization proceeds by a similar mechanism. Circularly polarizedlaser light polarizes rubidium atoms, which in turn transfer theirpolarization to the xenon nucleus. Xenon, however, has a largedepolarization effect on rubidium. Therefore the partial pressure ofxenon must be kept low. Diode lasers, which are used to illuminate thegas mixture, have a large linewidth. In order to more efficiently absorbmore of this laser light, the rubidium should be in a high-pressure gasto pressure-broaden the absorption line. Princeton researchers use ahigh-pressure buffer gas of helium. They slowly flow a mixture of xenon,nitrogen, and helium through the polarizing cell. A sufficient quantityof rubidium is available in the polarizing cell. The unpolarized gasslowly enters this chamber and diffusively mixes with rubidium vapor andpartially polarized gas already in the chamber. Rubidium condenses asthe gas exits and cools down.

The use of a high-pressure buffer gas, such as helium, causes pressurebroadening of the absorption spectrum of the rubidium, allowing greaterextraction of laser power in a compact pumping cell with low rubidiumdensity. Operation at high-pressure, however, changes the dominantmechanism for transferring polarization from the rubidium to the xenon.At high pressures the dominant mechanism is the two-body interaction. Atlow pressures, the mechanism mediated by three-body formation ofmolecules dominates which is considerably more efficient. Consequently,the improvement in polarization achieved by the gain in laser efficiencyis partially offset by a reduction in rubidium-xenon polarizationtransfer.

Existing polarization techniques also use a gas mixture dominated byhelium at high pressure. The high pressure of helium broadens theabsorption linewidth of the rubidium, allowing it to usefully absorbmore of the linewidth of the diode laser. If they reduce the pressure,they would not absorb as much light in their short polarizing cells. Ifthey lengthened their cells using their diffusively mixed process, theywould mix gas from regions with an even greater range of polarizationrates. If the existing process could be performed effectively at lowpressure, however, the polarization system would be capable of takingadvantage of the higher efficiently molecular formation physics.

Existing polarization methods cannot efficiently use the full polarizingpower of the laser beam. The gas mixture attenuates the laser light.Consequently, the region of the polarizing cell farthest from the laserwill only achieve low rubidium polarization if the cell is long. Sincethe gas in the polarization cell is diffusively mixed, the xenon willachieve an average polarization that is influenced by both the highrubidium polarization and the low rubidium polarization. To minimize theregion of low rubidium polarization, the laser must exit the polarizingcell after using only a portion of its polarizing power.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention results from the realization that by using alonger than standard polarizing cell and flow within the cell dominatedby laminar displacement, polarizing polarizable nuclear species can beaccomplished at low pressure with high temperature and high velocity,thereby taking advantage of the higher efficiency molecular formationphysics.

It is therefore an object of this invention to dominate the flow throughthe cell by laminar displacement.

It is a further object of this invention to polarize polarizable nuclearspecies with high velocity.

It is a further object of this invention to increase efficient use ofresonant light.

It is a further object of this invention to polarize polarizable nuclearspecies with high temperature.

It is therefore an object of this invention to polarize polarizablenuclear species at low pressure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are setforth in the claims. The invention itself however, as well as otherfeatures and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference tothe description which follows, read in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 shows a flow diagram with one embodiment of the inventivepolarization method.

FIG. 2 shows a flow diagram of another embodiment of the inventivepolarization method.

FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of the inventive polarization cell.

FIG. 4 shows a layout of one embodiment of the polarization apparatus.

FIG. 5 shows a layout of another embodiment of the polarizationapparatus.

FIG. 6 shows a layout of another embodiment of the polarizationapparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a polarizing process 10 involving a number ofsteps as shown in FIGS. 1 and 4. The first step requires moving 12 aflowing mixture of gas 52, the flowing mixture of gas 52 at leastcontaining a polarizable nuclear species and vapor of at least onealkali metal, with a transport velocity that is not negligible whencompared with a natural velocity of diffusive transport. The second stepis propagating 14 laser light 40 in a direction 58, preferably at leastpartially through a polarizing cell 30. The next step is containing 18the flowing gas 52 mixture in the polarizing cell 30. The final step isimmersing 20 the polarizing cell 30 in a magnetic field. These steps canbe initiated in any order, although moving 12 the flowing gas 52,propagating 14 the laser 40 and immersing 20 the magnetic field must beconcurrently active for the polarizing process 10 to occur.

Additional steps can be added to the inventive process 10 as shown inFIG. 2. One narrower embodiment 10 a involves saturating 11 an originalgas mixture with the alkali metal vapor to create the flowing mixture ofgas before the flowing mixture of gas enters the polarizing cell;directing 16 the flowing mixture of gas along a direction generallyopposite to the direction of laser light propagation, and condensing 22the alkali metal vapor from the flowing mixture of gas in the laserlight.

The present invention also includes an inventive polarizing cell 30 asshown on FIG. 3. The polarizing cell 30 is a nonferrous enclosure 32with an interior 34 and at least two openings, an entrance 36 a and anexit 36 b, for flowing gas to pass through the enclosure 32. Oneembodiment of the polarizing cell 30 further includes a window 38 in theenclosure allowing laser light 40 to at least partially illuminate theinterior 34. Another feature of this embodiment of the polarizing cell30 is that the window 38 is maintained at a temperature substantiallylower than most of the enclosure 32.

Another embodiment of the present invention also includes an inventivepolarizing apparatus 50 as shown on FIG. 4. The inventive apparatus 50includes a polarizing cell 30 with multiple openings an entrance 36 aand an exit 36 b, and at least one window 38 transparent to laser light40. The apparatus further includes a flowing gas mixture 52, at leastcontaining a polarizable nuclear species, at least one alkali metalvapor, and at least one quenching gas, moving 12 through the cell 30 ina direction 54. The apparatus 50 further includes an oven 56 at leastpartially containing the polarizing cell 30. The apparatus 50 furtherincludes a laser propagating 14 light 40, at the absorption wavelengthof the alkali metal vapor, through at least one transparent window 38into the polarizing cell 30 in a direction 58 at least partiallyopposite to the direction 54 of the flowing gas mixture 52. Finally, theapparatus 50 includes an optical arrangement 60 to cause the laser light40 to be substantially circularly polarized.

The inventive apparatus 50 also has several narrower embodiments. One ofthe narrower embodiments involves having the oven 56 only partiallycontaining the polarizing cell 30. A narrower embodiment of thisembodiment involves using the previously described inventive polarizingcell 30 having the window maintained at a temperature substantiallylower than most of the enclosure. Having the polarizing cell 30 sized sothat it is more than five times greater in length 62 than diameter 64,as shown in FIG. 5, can further narrow this embodiment. In oneembodiment, the cell can be ninety centimeters in length 62 and twocentimeters in diameter 64.

Another embodiment of the apparatus 50 involves the oven 56 maintaininga temperature of over 150 C.

Another embodiment of the apparatus 50 includes having a saturationregion 66 with a quantity of liquid alkali metal exposed to an originalgas mixture 68 to substantially saturate 24 the original gas mixture 68with an alkali metal vapor to create the flowing gas mixture 52 thatflows 12 through the polarizing cell 30.

Another embodiment of the apparatus 50 includes having a condensationextension 70 of the polarizing cell 30, through which the laser light 40propagates 14, before passing through a remainder 72 of the polarizingcell 30, for condensing 22 the alkali metal vapor in the laser light 40.

Another embodiment of the apparatus 50 includes composing the alkalimetal vapor of rubidium, cesium and/or potassium.

Another embodiment of the apparatus 50 includes making the quenching gasnitrogen and/or hydrogen.

Existing practice in the polarization of polarizable nuclear speciesrelies on the achievement of equilibrium conditions throughout thepolarization chamber. The static polarization process of Rosen, Chupp etal uses very long (20 min) polarization time constants by selecting lowtemperature (90 C) and low rubidium density. Consequently they can usehigh xenon concentrations (more than one atmosphere). The quasistaticpolarization process of Cates, Happer, et al uses shorter time constants(5 min) in a flowing system. By selecting higher temperature (up to 150C) they have higher rubidium density. They must reduce their polarizablenuclear species pressure to a few percent of their working pressure of10 atmospheres to maintain high rubidium polarization. The gases intheir polarization chamber are diffusively mixed.

In contrast to existing practice, the present invention uses a flowingmixture of gas 52 whose flow velocity is not negligible when comparedwith the natural velocity of diffusive transport. The present inventionis specified using this language because diffusion times are pressuredependent. Taking advantage of the transport will significantly improveperformance over a wide range of pressures, both in existing operationregimes as well as in a preferred embodiment. Diffusion across a typicalone-inch dimension requires one second at a pressure of one-tenth of anatmosphere and ten seconds at ten atmospheres in a typical gas mixture.The transport velocity is not negligible when compared with thisvelocity if it is, for example, greater than one-half this velocity. Ina more favorable embodiment, the transport flow velocity will be severaltimes this velocity, i.e. several inches per second. To achievepolarization in this regime requires polarization time constants morethan one order of magnitude higher than the highest used in presentpractice, on order several seconds or faster. This requires higherrubidium densities to achieve faster time constants.

An analogy to the present polarization technique would be transferring aproperty such as heat from one fluid to another, which can be done withgreater or lesser efficiency depending on the method employed. Placingthe two fluids in thermal contact allows some of the heat to flow fromone fluid to the other, until an equilibrium temperature is achieved.While a substantial amount of heat is transferred, a comparable amountremains in the original fluid. If the system is configured as acounter-flowing heat exchanger, the initially warmer fluid will transfersubstantially all of its heat to the cooler fluid, exiting the exchangerat the initial temperature of the cooler fluid. The fluid that wasinitially cooler will exit with essentially all the heat.

The polarization process of the present invention relies on a similarprinciple. Referring again to FIGS. 1 and 4, the laser light 40propagates 14 in a direction 58 generally opposite to the direction 54of the flowing mixture of gas 52. The mixture of gas 52 gains inpolarization even as it removes intensity from the laser light 40.Nevertheless, the highly polarized mixture of gas 52 exits the system 30where the laser light 40 is most intense, maximizing the polarization ofthe mixture of gas 52.

The polarization process 10 must be immersed in a magnetic field todefine the angular momentum quantization axis for the alkali metal vaporquantum mechanical spin states and the polarizable nuclear speciesnuclear spin states. The flowing gases 52 must also be confined andisolated from then environment. In the most favorable embodiment ofpolarizable nuclear species polarizing processes 10, the laser light 40propagates 14 along the direction of a very uniform magnetic field. Inthe most favorable embodiment of the counter-flowing polarizable nuclearspecies polarization process 10, the polarization cell 30 confining theflowing mixture of gas 52 is oriented such that the direction 54 of themixture of gas 52 flow is exactly counter to the direction 58 of laserlight 40 propagation 14. For higher flow velocities and longer cells,diffusional mixing decreases in significance, increasing the performanceof the polarization system.

The gas pressure and mixture of gas 52 significantly affect the twostages of the polarization process 10, that is the transfer ofpolarization from the laser light 40 to the rubidium atoms, and thetransfer of polarization from the rubidium atoms to the polarizablenuclear species nuclei. Existing practice uses four components invarious amounts: the gas receiving the nuclear polarization, the alkalimetal vapor, the quenching gas, and a buffer gas. The unpolarizedfraction of the alkali metal vapor absorbs the laser light 40. Maximumpolarization of the alkali metal vapor allows transmission of the laserlight 40 to deeper regions of the polarizing cell 30. Higherconcentration of alkali metal vapor (higher temperature) increases therate of polarization transfer to the gas receiving the nuclearpolarization, but absorbs more laser light 40. Higher concentrations ofthe gas receiving the nuclear polarization can also depolarize thealkali metal vapor, increasing the absorption of laser light 40. Toeffectively quench the atomic re-radiation, the quenching gas must havea pressure of several tens of torr, typically more than 60 torr. Thepressure of all gases combined broadens the absorption spectrum of thealkali metal vapor, improving the utilization of the laser light forpolarizing the alkali metal vapor. Higher pressures, however, reduce thealkali-xenon molecular formation, decreasing the rate of transfer ofpolarization from the alkali to the xenon.

The static, or batch-mode, process of Rosen, Chupp, et al, uses lowtemperatures, low rubidium density for approximately 20 minute timeconstant, high xenon concentration, intermediate pressure, and no buffergas to increase pressure broadening. The quasi-static system of Cates,Happer, et al, uses intermediate temperatures and rubidium densities fortime constants around a minute.

In one embodiment of the inventive process 10, the temperature isconsiderably higher than either of these methods. Alkali metal densityis higher and the polarization time constant is shortened. Furthermore,if the overall pressure is low, polarization transfer from alkali to thespecies being polarized is further improved by the increase in transferby molecular formation. To minimize the depolarization of the alkalivapor and maintain laser transmission, the density of the species beingpolarized should be low.

The short polarization time constant allows continuous rapid replacementof the gas mixture of gas 52, hence high velocity flow.

The opportunity to exploit this highly efficient polarization process 10can be more favorably realized in an embodiment that causes the alkalimetal vapor to become substantially condensed on the cell 30 walls whilethe mixture of gas 52 is still in the presence of the polarizing laserlight 40. In one embodiment this can be accomplished by maintaining atleast some portion of the polarizing cell 30, that portion whichincludes the gas exit opening 36 b and laser entrance window 38, at atemperature substantially below that which would maintain an alkalivapor density constant in time. Note that when the mixed gas 52 leavesthe polarizing cell 30, the alkali vapor density becomes quicklydepolarized. That depolarization is transferred to the nuclear speciesbeing polarized at a rate that corresponds to the alkali metal vapordensity at that point. Condensing the alkali metal vapor minimizes thisdepolarizing effect.

The polarization process 10 benefits from higher alkali metal densitiesand the associated shorter polarization time constant. In one embodimentof this process 10, the alkali metal saturates 11 into the original gasmixture 68 before entering the polarizing cell 30. Transport of themixture of gas 52 from the alkali vapor saturation region(“presaturator”) 66 to the polarizing cell 30 is maintained at anadequate temperature to deliver the mixture of gas 52 to the polarizingcell 30. In various embodiments, this alkali vapor presaturator 66 mayor may not be collinear with the polarizing cell 30. In variousembodiments, this alkali vapor presaturator 66 may or may not have ameans of increasing the liquid-vapor surface area, such as a copper meshinsert.

High alkali metal vapor densities and high flow velocities will resultin a substantial quantity of alkali metal transferred from the entranceopening 36 a to the exit opening 36 b of the polarizing cell 30. Inembodiments where there is an alkali metal presaturator 66, the alkalimetal source will diminish. In embodiments where there is an alkalimetal condensation region 70, alkali metal will accumulate in thisregion 70. Excess accumulation could reduce the efficiency of operation.In one embodiment, the alkali metal accumulated in the condensationregion 70 can be removed from the condensation region 70 withoutdisassembling the polarization cell 30. In a more favorable embodiment,the condensed alkali metal can be returned to the polarizing cell 30 orthe alkali metal presaturator 66 either by the force of thegravitational weight of the liquid droplets, or by the force of itsweight aided by mechanical motion (shaking). This restoration may occureither with the cell 30 installed at least partially in a verticalorientation, or by reorienting the cell 30 to an at least partiallyvertical orientation.

Existing polarizing processes have not been able to exploit the highestalkali metal densities, and the associated highest polarization rates.The present process 10 exploits the motion 12 of the mixture of gas 52to accomplish the stages of the polarization process 10 in sequentialstages, allowing shorter time constants and higher polarization rates.In the most favorable embodiment of the inventive process 10, operatingtemperatures as high as 190 C can be exploited to achieve a polarizationtime constant of one-third of a second.

For a macroscopic sample of gas nuclei to become substantiallypolarized, the polarization rate must exceed the depolarization rate forthat species. Noble gas spin one-half nuclei have two features thatenable their polarization: they have closed electron shells therebyisolating the nucleus from asymmetric binding effects, and they have noelectric quadrupole moment to allow the external surroundings to exert atorque on the nucleus. Consequently the depolarization times range fromminutes for xenon-129, to hours for helium-3. A favorable application ofthe present polarization method 10 is the polarization of macroscopicsamples of xenon-129 nuclei. The substantially reduced polarization timeachievable by the present process 10, however, allows polarization ofmacroscopic samples of nuclei with much shorter depolarization times.Such species could include, but are not limited to xenon-131, which doesnot have a spin one-half nucleus, atomic hydrogen or deuterium, or evennuclei within molecules.

The novel elements of the embodiment of the present apparatus 50, asshown in FIG. 5, include a polarizing cell 30 immersed in a magneticfield. To allow for the mixture of gas 52 to flow through the cell 30,the cell 30 has at least one opening 36 a for gases to enter, at leastone opening 36 b for gases to exit, and at least one transparent window38 or provision for a source of laser light 40.

The openings 36 a and 36 b and shape of the cell 30 are optimized toallow for the mixture of gas 52 to flow at a velocity that can begreater than the velocity of diffusive transport. In a favorableembodiment, the polarizing cell 308 will have a length 62 that isgreater than its transverse dimension 64. In a favorable embodiment thetransparent window 30 will allow illumination of the full cross sectionof the cell 30 for a large fraction of its length 62. In a favorableembodiment the gas entrance opening 36 a will be at the farthest endfrom the transparent window 38 and the exit opening 36 b will be closeto the transparent window 38. In a favorable embodiment, a substantialportion of length 62 of the cell 30 including the transparent window 38and the gas exit opening 36 b will be maintained at a temperature belowthe temperature used to obtain the operating density of alkali vapor,thereby causing the alkali to condense.

Again referring to FIGS. 1 and 5, the present polarization apparatus 50also includes a saturation region 66 with a sufficient quantity ofliquid alkali metal exposed over a sufficient surface area tosubstantially saturate 11 the original polarizable gas mixture 68 withalkali metal vapor to create the flowing mixture of gas 52 that entersthe polarizing cell 30. This alkali vapor presaturator 66 isindependently novel. In one embodiment it may consist of a sufficientlength of tubing, either straight, wound in a helix, or some otherconfiguration, containing several grams of alkali metal exposed over alarge surface area. In another embodiment it may include a mesh of somematerial such as copper, to provide a large surface area. In anotherembodiment, it may consist of an extension of the same material, glasstubing for example, as comprises the polarization cell 30, with orwithout a copper mesh.

The present polarization apparatus 50 also includes an extension 70 ofthe polarizing cell 30 that is collinear with the polarizing cell 30,and through which the laser light 40 propagates 14 before entering theunextended portion 72 of polarizing cell 30 for condensing 22 the alkalivapor in the presence of the polarizing laser light 40. This extension70 is closest to the exit opening 36 b of the polarizing cell 30. Thisextension 70 acts as an alkali vapor condensation region. In oneembodiment it is the same diameter 64 as the unextended portion 72 ofpolarizing cell 30. It projects out from the oven 56 into a region oflower temperature. In one embodiment this lower temperature is roomtemperature. In another embodiment, the extension 70 has a larger crosssection than the unextended portion 72 of the polarizing cell 30. Instill another embodiment the unextended portion 72 of the polarizingcell 30 can be at reduced temperature. This situation may be optimal forvery high velocity flow when high alkali densities are prepared in thealkali presaturator 66.

In an embodiment optimized for very high velocities and high alkalidensities, the entire polarizing cell may also be treated as theextension 70, acting as the condensing region 70.

Another narrower embodiment involves the polarizing cell 30 having alength 62 substantially greater than the laser light 40 attenuationlength, thereby causing efficient transfer of polarization from thelaser light 40 to the alkali metal vapor, even at low operating pressurewhere the most efficient alkali-polarizable nuclear species polarizationtransfer mechanism dominates.

Another narrower embodiment involves the transport velocity of theflowing mixture of gas 52 being substantially greater than the naturalvelocity of diffusive transport.

Another narrower embodiment of the inventive method 10 involves thepolarizing cell 30 having an operating gas pressure that is less thantwo atmospheres but greater than a pressure required to efficientlyquench an alkali optical pumping using a combination of at least 2 torrof a polarizable nuclear species and a minimum pressure of a quenchinggas, typically 60 torr of nitrogen.

Another narrower embodiment involves the magnetic field being uniformand substantially aligned with the direction 58 of laser light 40propagation 14.

Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 5, another narrower embodiment of theinventive method 10 includes the additional step of condensing 22 thealkali metal vapor from the gas mixture 52 in the propagating 14 laserlight 40. A narrower embodiment of this embodiment involves thecondensation 22 occurring in an extension 70 of the polarizing cell 30that is collinear with the polarizing cell 30, and through which thelaser light 40 propagates 14, thereby providing continuous polarizationof the alkali metal vapor up to and during condensation 22. Anothernarrower embodiment of this embodiment involves the resulting condensedrubidium droplets coming to rest in either a saturating region 66, aregion of the polarizing cell 30 heated by the oven 56, or both.

Another narrower embodiment involves the laser light 40 entering thepolarizing cell 30 by passing through a window 38 of the polarizing cell30 which is at a temperature substantially lower than that of thepolarizing cell 30, thereby reducing attenuation of the laser light 40in an unpolarized alkali metal vapor layer in contact with the window38.

In a very favorable embodiment, the polarizing cell 30, the extension70, and the alkali vapor presaturator 66 are fabricated from sections oftubing arranged coaxially. The diameter 64 of the tubing is 2.5 cm andthe length is 2 meters. The tubing is oriented vertically in a uniform,vertical magnetic field. An opening 36 at the bottom allows the originalgas 68 to enter the alkali vapor presaturator 66. The alkali vaporpresaturator 66 is maintained at a temperature of 200 C, and contains acopper mesh saturated with liquid alkali metal. The alkali vaporpresaturator 66 occupies the lower 70 cm of the vertical tubing. Thecentral 80 cm of the tubing comprise the unextended portion 72 ofpolarizing cell 30 in the oven 56. This region is maintained at 180 C.This region is fully illuminated with laser light 40 from above. Theuppermost 50 cm of tubing comprise the extension 70 of the polarizingcell 30. This region is outside the oven 56, and maintained at roomtemperature. In this region, the alkali metal vapor diffuses to thewalls and condenses 22. The length of this extension 70 must allow forseveral diffusion time constants to elapse while the mixture of gas 52is passing through. A length of 50 cm and diameter of 2.5 cm allows gasvelocity of approximately 15-20 cm/sec at pressure of 0.1 atmosphere.Higher flow velocities require a longer presaturation region 66 andextension 70.

In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 6, optimized for higher flowvelocities, higher temperatures, and shorter polarization timeconstants, the alkali metal presaturator 66 is not an extension of thepolarizing cell 30. Rather, the alkali metal presaturator 66 consists ofthirty turns of 2.5 cm diameter glass tubing, wound in a helix with 10cm inner diameter. The tubing has been prepared with ridges to preventthe alkali metal liquid from flowing to the bottom. The exit of thealkali vapor presaturator 66 is connected at the bottom to the entranceopening 36 a of the polarizing cell 30. The polarizing cell 30 is 2.5 cmdiameter 64 glass tubing, oriented vertically. It is illuminated withlaser light 40 through a window 38 from above. The unextended portion 72of the polarizing cell that is in the oven 56 is 70 cm. The extension 70of the polarizing cell 30 is a slightly larger diameter 64, 3.0 cm, and130 cm in length. This embodiment allows production of polarizable gaswith even higher temperatures and shorter polarization time constants.This system could operate optimally at 195 C and 40 cm/s flow rateachieving polarization time constants approaching one-fifth of a second.

1. A polarizing apparatus comprising: a polarizing cell with a length,multiple openings, and a window transparent to laser light forpolarizing a gas mixture, at least containing a polarizable nuclearspecies, at least one alkali metal vapor, and at least one quenchinggas, flowing through the polarizing cell; a magnetic field in which thepolarizing cell is immersed; a laser producing light, at the absorptionwavelength of the alkali metal vapor, and an optical arrangement tocause the laser light to be substantially circularly polarized; and ameans to propagate the laser light through the transparent window intothe polarizing cell for an attenuation length wherein the length of thepolarizing cell is substantially greater than the attenuation length. 2.The polarizing apparatus of claim 1 wherein the polarizing cell has anoperating gas pressure that is less than two atmospheres but greaterthan a pressure required to efficiently quench an alkali optical pumpingusing a combination of at least 2 torr of a polarizable nuclear speciesand a minimum pressure of quenching gas, of at least 60 torr ofnitrogen.
 3. The polarizing apparatus of claim 1 wherein the windowthrough which the laser light enters the polarizing cell is at atemperature substantially lower than that of the polarizing cell,thereby reducing attenuation of the laser light in an unpolarized alkalimetal vapor layer in contact with the window.
 4. A polarizing apparatuscomprising: a polarizing cell with a length of at least 90 cm, multipleopenings, and a window transparent to laser light for polarizing a gasmixture, at least containing a polarizable nuclear species, at least onealkali metal vapor, and at least one quenching gas, flowing through thepolarizing cell; a magnetic field in which the polarizing cell isimmersed; a laser producing light, at the absorption wavelength of thealkali metal vapor, and an optical arrangement to cause the laser lightto be substantially circularly polarized; and a means to propagate thelaser light through the transparent window into the polarizing cell.